Any questions?

If you have any questions regarding our course you may ask via this blog. Thank you.

Final Exam Preparation

Dear Students,
As you know your Final exam would be on the 31st.December, 2014.
Here, I would like to repeat what I have explained in the class regarding the exam.
There are 3 sections.
Section A consists on 30 MCQs and you are asked to answer them in OMR form provided. These 30 questions are related to the theories / therapies that you have learnt, the stages in counselling sessions and also some common / world knowledge questions pertaining to counseling (30 marks).
Section B offers 4 questions and you need to answer 3 of them. You need to answer them in short paragraphs which closely related to comparison and giving opinion (30 marks).
Section C offers 1 question ( choose 1 of the simulations and 1 of the therapies), then explain on how to carry out the counseling session by giving the relevant therapy, questions or phrases.
Here, you need to to use your own creativity in explaining about it. (40 marks)
Dear Students,
Please make sure you submit your video recording by 24th. December and only those you are really involved in making the video should be in the list. Don't put any names which are considered as passengers!!!
You can see your carry marks on Sunday, 28th December, 2014.
Good luck and thank you.

Personalities of Clients

Personalities of Clients

1. Borderline personality.

     Someone who exhibits self-destructive behavior and shows a   pattern of unstable relationships

2. Narcissistic personality.

     Someone who is extremely  self-centered with an exaggerated  sense of self-importance

3. Sociopathic personality.

    Someone who is exploitive in relationships with no remorse.

4. Schizoid personality.

    Someone who is odd, eccentric, and detached from relationships.

5. Paranoid personality.

    Someone who is extremely suspicious and fearful that others are  planning harm.

Exercise A

1. What would a typical day in your life be like? Describe what you do  from the moment you wake up to the moment you fall asleep.

2. What have you done in your life that you are most proud of? What about most ashamed of?

3. When was the last time that you felt really in control in your life? How was that different from now?

4. Who are you closest to in the world?

5. What are a few things that nobody in the world knows about you that would be especially helpful for me to know?

6. How is this present problem you are having familiar to you? How have you experienced something similar in the past?

7. What is an area that you feel especially resistant to getting into?

8. When you leave here today, what is the one thing that will haunt you the most?

Attending Behaviors In Exploration

1. Attending Behaviors

- Face the person fully.

- Communicate intense interest.

- Give undivided attention.

- Maintain natural eye contact.

- Be sensitive to cultural preferences.

- Make your face expressive.

- Nod your head. A lot.

- Present yourself authentically.

2.  Active Listening, which includes nonverbal behavior as communication and punctuation, and Verbal Behavior as indication of productive understanding and communication of what the client is saying.

3.  Empathy, which is the counselor’s  ability to draw from personal experiences, emotions, and behaviors and to make responses indicating a shared under-standing of the client's experiences, emotions, and behaviors.

4.  Encouraging, Paraphrasing and Summarizing, which are used to help the client organize thinking and communicate clearly.

5.  Reflection of Feelings, which lets the client know that feelings and emotions have been understood.

6.  Five-Stage Interviewing, which includes (a) rapport building/structuring, (b) defining the problem, (c) defining a goal, (d) exploration of alternatives and confronting incongruity, and (e) generalization to daily life.

7.  Confrontation, which is the identification of the client’s incongruities and mixed messages.

8.  Focusing, which means attending substantively to all pertinent facets of the client’s situation.

9.  Reflection of Meaning, which lets the client know that communications have been understood

10.  Influencing Skills, which include (a) developmental questioning, (b) directives, (c) logical consequences, (d) interpreting/reframing, (e) self-disclosure, (f) advice/information / explanation/instruction, and (g) feedback.

Egan’s SOLER vs. Ivey’s Microskills

Egan proposed three basic communication skills for the helping process.

1.  Attending, which follows the acronym SOLER:

                face the client Squarely.

                        adopt an Open posture.

                                                    Lean toward each other.

                        maintain Eye contact.

                                 appear Relaxed.

Ivey’s Microskills model includes

1.       Attending Behavior, which means that the counselor uses culturally and individually appropriate behaviors.

2.       Open and Closed Questioning, which elicits the specifics of the client's world

3.       Client Observation, which means attending to the client’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors and discrepancies skills.

EXPLORATION (2ND. STAGE)

EXPLORATION (2ND. STAGE)

1.       Purposes

Know and understand the problem

Tree not branches (root of the problem)

Developing goal

Stating the goal

2.       Listening

- Clear your mind.

- Empathize: Crawl inside the other’s skin.

- Concentrate completely.

- Watch carefully for nonverbal cues.

- Don’t just listen, but really hear.

- Ask yourself what the person is really saying.

- Identify underlying feelings, as well as surface content.

- Use your heart, as well as your head, to divine meaning.

During this conversation, you are only allowed to do three things:

1. Nod your head a lot and show the person you are listening.

2. Paraphrase at times to reflect back the content of the communication.

3. Make an effort to reflect the feelings you hear as well.

4. Don’t jump into conclusion

5. Be a good listener

Skills used in exploration are:

• Active listening skills

• Open ended questions

• Reflecting of feelings

• Summarizing

• Warmth, respect, concreteness

• Paraphrasing, minimal encourages, immediacy

• Reflection of feelings

• Having defined the problem the counsellor takes the client to the stage of mutual understanding.

Stages in Counselling

Stages in Counselling

First: Building a Relationship

Purposes:

1.       Creating an ambiance conducive for interactions

Showing that you are always there to give your full attention and treat him/her as someone worth to be respected and appreciated

Listening attentively and trying to feel what he/she is feeling to think of his/her problem

Responding to client thoroughly

2.       Deciding early on, the aim of the relationship

Trying to unlock the problem/confusion

Deciding the real problem

Determining the aim of the counselling

3.       Structuring relationship

Making sure the client understands the process of the session

Making an agreement on certain issues/regulations

Focusing on the elements of Confidentiality

4.       Building trust

Showing a highly ethical set of behaviour

The most important element of the first stage in counselling

Approaches

Giving praises / compliments

Introducing oneself

Sharing common interests

Confidentiality in Counselling

CONFIDENTIALITY IN COUNSELLING

-          1. Client self-disclosure should not be expressed outside a counselling session

-          2. The more the trust of the client toward the counselor is, the easier it would be for the client to discuss his or her problem

A.      Principles of Confidentiality

-          The burden of maintain the confidentiality is not definitive as there are some situations that allow the counselor to repeat/reveal/share the secrets

-          Confidentiality is maintained if it does not threaten other individual’s right or the public

-          The counselor needs to think about the safety of the client and avoid misusing the problems confided to him

B.      The situations in which confidentiality may be violated are as follows:

1.       The client is harming himself, herself or others

2.       The client demands that his or her particulars revealed

3.       The court demands that the client’s particulars be repeated / revealed

4.       The counselor suspects that there has been a child abuse case involved

Group assignment

Give an example of ‘B’, where the confidentiality may be violated.

The Differences Between Counselling and Psychotherapy

The Differences Between Counselling and Psychotherapy

Definitions of Counseling and Psychotherapy

What is psychotherapy?

What is counseling?

What are the differences between counseling and psychotherapy?

"Psychotherapy" and "counseling" are terms that are often used interchangeably. Although they are very similar, there are some subtle differences as well.

What Is Psychotherapy?

Anna O., Breuer’s patient, called to the treatment she received as the ‘’talking cure’’. Talking, expressing, verbalizing or sharing one’s pain is potentially healing.

How should psychotherapy be practiced? This question is relevant to how psychotherapy is defined.

Psychotherapy

Helps people with psychological problems that have built up over the course of a long period of time.

It will help you understand your feelings, thoughts and actions more clearly.

Psychotherapy is a longer-term process of treatment that identifies emotional issues and the background to problems and difficulties

‘’A conversation with a therapeutic purpose’’ (Korchin, 1976)

‘’The purchase of friendship’’ (Schofield, 1964)

‘’When one person with an emotional disorder gets help from another person who has a little less of an emotional disorder’’ (J.Watkins, personal communication, October 13, 1983)

"Psychotherapy" on the other hand is generally a longer term treatment which focuses more on gaining insight into chronic physical and emotional problems. It's focus is on the patient's thought processes and way of being in the world rather than specific problems.

Psychotherapist: Less directive, go a little deeper, work a little longer, charge a higher fee.

Psychotherapy is often treatment based in response to a diagnosable mental health issue such as depression, bi-polar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adjustment disorder, etc. It is often in-depth and used in conjunction with psychotropic medication, but not necessarily

What Is Counseling?

Adler might claim that counseling has an inferiority complex with respect to its older sibling, psychotherapy.

Or psychotherapy has a superiority complex with respect to its younger rival, counseling.

‘’Counseling is the artful application of scientifically derived psychological knowledge and techniques for the purpose of changing human behavior. (Burke, 1989)

Counselling

Helps people identify problems and crises and encourages them to take positive steps to resolve these issues.

It is the best course of therapeutic treatment for anyone who already has an understanding of wellbeing, and who is also able to resolve problems.

Counselling is a short-term process that encourages the change of behaviour

Counselor: Slightly more directive, work more on developmentally normal issues, work more briefly, charge a bit less fee.

"counseling" is generally used to denote a relatively brief treatment that is focused most upon behavior. It often targets a particular symptom or problematic situation and offers suggestions and advice for dealing with it.

Counselling tends to be wellness oriented, providing increased insight and learning how to effectively overcome problems and challenges.

What are the differences between counseling and psychotherapy?

Patterson (1973): ‘’There are no essential differences between counseling and psychotherapy’’

“Counseling and psychotherapy are the same qualitatively; they differ only quantitatively; there is nothing that a psychotherapist does that a counselor does not do (Corsini & Wedding, 2000, p. 2).”

Counseling versus Psychotherapy

What are the differences between psychotherapy and counseling?

Goals?

Shorter versus longer?

Problem versus person?

Guidance versus advice?

A little more on the surface versus a little deeper?

Cheaper versus more expensive?

The Histories

Psychotherapy: Freud + Recovery from serious personal problems

Counseling: Out of guidance movement, which was/is about helping people with choosing or decision making

Counselor vs. client

Therapist vs. patient/client

Homework

List down TWO examples of cases to differentiate between Counseling and Psychotherapy.

Can I be a Counselor?

Can I be a COUNSELOR?

Counselor’s Personal Qualities

Sincere interest in the welfare of others

Ability & willingness to be present in client’s joy or pain

Recognition & acceptance of one’s strength & vitality; no need to diminish others

Found one’s own counseling style.

Willingness to be vulnerable & take risks

Self- respect, self-appreciation, strong sense of self-worth

Serve as models for clients

Risk mistakes & admit making them

Growth orientation

Sense of humor

Counselor’s Interpersonal Skills

Pragmatism

Competence

Respect

Genuineness

Promotion of client empowerment & self-responsibility

10 components of Effective Counselor:

1. Self-awareness

2. Psychological health

3. Sensitivity to racial, ethnic, & cultural factors

4. Open-mindedness

5. Objectivity

6. Competence

7. Trustworthiness

8. Interpersonal attractiveness

9. Good listener

10. Good appearance

Self-Awareness

Need to

Give or nurture

Be liked, respected, loved; receive approval

Control, be critical, be right

Motivation for helping

Feelings

Happiness, satisfaction

Hurt, disappointment

Anger, sadness

Fear, confusion

Personal strengths, limitations, & coping skills

Psychological Health

Psychologically intact

Free from over-whelming problems

Recognize and manage personal issues

Refer clients with problems like your own to other counselors

Seek services of a counselor for yourself, if necessary.

Cultural Sensitivity

Focused

Culture-Specific

All cultures must be understood for their uniqueness.

Universal

Broadens the definition of minority and argues for a subjective, more inclusive understanding of cultural impacts.

Cultural Sensitivity

Focused culture-specific:  too many variables confuse multiculturalism; render it meaningless.

Universal: culture must be defined by more than just racial or ethnic factors.

Gender, age, and physical disabilities

Race, ethnicity

Sexual orientation

Socioeconomic level

Religion and spiritual affiliation

Integrative: 

Focused culture-specific and the universal approach are both important

Both approaches are blended in “multicultural counseling and therapy” (Ivey, et al., 1997).

Cultural Competence:

Be aware of your own cultural heritage.

Expand your range of experience.

Seek interaction opportunities with others different from yourself.

Be open to continuous learning about differing groups.

Be honest about your range of experience.

Power

Privilege

Poverty

Oppression

Consider referring a client you cannot help from your own range of experience.

Open-Mindedness

Freedom from fixed or preconceived ideas

Enlightenment

Internal knowledge

Perceptions, myths

Standards, values, judgments

Assumptions, biases

Knowledge of the world outside your own world

Objectivity

Balance involvement with objective assessment.

Provide a new perspective to “reframe” the client’s issues(s).

Avoid dysfunctional communication patterns.

Recognize manipulation attempts by the client.

Safeguards against countertransference:

Counterproductive emotional reaction;

Entanglement of the counselor’s needs in the client relationship;

The need to please one’s client;

Over-identification with client’s problem(s);

Romantic or sexual feelings toward a client;

Need to give constant advice;

Need to form friendships.

Competence

Required to transmit and build confidence and hope with clients.

Needed to develop positive client expectations from the counseling experience.

Assures ability to work with wide variety of clients and client problems.

Includes multicultural competence as previously discussed.

Egan (1998): The counselor is determined, by outcome of client results, to possess the necessary information, knowledge, and skills.

Kleinke (1994):  Includes knowledge of psychological processes, assessment,

clinical skills, technical skills, judgment, ethics and personal effectiveness.

(Strong, 1968; Strong & Schmidt, 1970; Strong & Claiborn, 1982):  Includes knowledge of psychological processes, assessment, clinical skills, technical skills, judgment, ethics and personal effectiveness.

Trustworthiness

Do not promise more than you can do, and be sure you do exactly as you have promised.

Hard to establish; easy to destroy

Includes

predictability,

reliability,

responsibility,

ethical standards.

Safeguard clients’ communications.

Respond with energy to client concerns.

Essential to

Establish a base of influence,

Encourage clients’ self-disclosure.

The counselor cannot act trustworthy. The counselor must be trustworthy

Interpersonal Attractiveness

Counselors appear “attractive” when they are seen as similar to or compatible with the client.

May be determined by instinct or selected dimensions:

Gender or age,

Demeanor or attitude, likeability and friendliness,

Worldview, theory, or approach.

Good Listener

Active listening:

Paying attention: Eye contact, nodding, etc.

Hearing before evaluating.

Listening for the whole message.

Paraphrasing what was heard.

Probe for causes and feelings.

WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Next week class is on Sunday (14 Sept at 4pm) and Thursday 18 Sept at 8.30 am at Umar 02, no class on Wednesday,thank you.

BPE 2043 (WEEKLY SCHEDULE)

WEEK	TOPICS	REMARKS
1	LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION	COURSE OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELLING
2	LECTURE 2: COUNSELLING VS. PSYCHOTERAPY
3	LECTURE 3: CONFIDENTIALITY AND ETHICS	THEORY 1
4	STAGES IN COUNSELLING STAGE 1 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 2
5	STAGE 1 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 3
6	STAGE 2 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 4
7	STAGE 2 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 5
8	STAGE 3 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 6
9	STAGE 3 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 7
10	STAGE 4 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 8
11	STAGE 4 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 9
12	STAGE 5 & ACTIVITIES	THEORY 10
13	GROUP PRESENTATION ON CASE STUDY
14	CLOSURE

1st. lecture

What is Counseling?

•A relationship building process

•A teaching tool to aid the client with situational

•Problem solving

•Decision making

•Strategic approach/technique

•Stress on ethics and stages

WHY COUNSEL?

•Counseling helps build relationships between treatment providers (counselor) and the client.

•Counseling helps solve day-to-day problems.

•Produce a meaningful life

Who involve in counselling session?

1.Counselor

2.Client/s

3.Third party (if necessary)

When not to counsel

•When teaching a new skill

•When dealing with a skill deficiency

•When client exhibits avoidance behavior

•Rule violation

•During an intensive situation

•When client complains about "unfair"

•When ‘in dilemma’ situation

•When a problem requires specific decision making

How to counsel?

Applying various suitable techniques based on certain factors such as:

-Case / situation

-Race / religion/ belief

-Gender

-Time

-Degree of confidentiality

-Purpose / objective

-Readiness

How?

1.Group (same case / background)

2.Individual

3.Technique / therapy